Sperm morphology and its disorders in the context of infertility

This manuscript reviews sperm morphology and its disorders in the context of infertility. A new look into an old challenge is delivered, based on contemporary scientific clinical evidence. We highlight functional repercussions aberrations dissect cause effect a variety insults pathogenic mechanisms focusing relationships among shape, function, compartmental analysis cellular subcellular structures. Different types teratozoospermia are identified as sequela aberrant spermiogenesis, their proven or speculated origins discussed. In addition to known suspected genetic causes, oxidative damage highlighted major plausible factor. The examination with use strict criteria provides valuable information guide clinician direct therapeutic management. emphasize that probably most relevant parameter traditional semen evaluation can be used valid biomarker deficiencies, providing about chances conception. provided by part complete becomes more significant from point view for infertility perhaps men’s health. Discuss: You discuss this article authors other readers at https://www.fertstertdialog.com/posts/xfnr-d-20-00016Essential Points:•This evidence.•The examined structures.•Clinical presentations monomorphic polymorphic teratoozospermia thoroughly dissected.•In factor.•We https://www.fertstertdialog.com/posts/xfnr-d-20-00016 •This World Health Organization (WHO) has had fundamental role standardization (1World OrganizationWHO Laboratory Manual Examination Processing Human Semen.5th ed. Organization, Geneva2010Google Scholar). WHO guidelines were not designed establish fertility potential or, conversely, infertility, nor predict outcome implemented therapies. Because large overlap between fertile infertile populations terms concentration, motility, morphology, no per se enough power determine procreative (2Guzick D.S. Overstreet J.W. Factor-Ltvak P. Brazil C. Nakajima T. Coutifaris et al.Sperm motility concentration men.N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 1388-1393Crossref PubMed Scopus (811) Google Scholar, 3Ombelet W. Bosmans E. Janssen M. Cox A. Vlasselaer J. Gyselaers Vandeput H. al.Semen parameters versus subfertile population: need change interpretation testing.Hum Reprod. 1997; 12: 987-993Crossref Despite these limitations, remains foundation work-up provide inkling whether problem present male partner some extent estimate seriousness (4Oehninger S. Ombelet Limits current testing.Fertil Steril. 2019; 111: 835-841Abstract Full Text PDF previous work published 2006, Science Citation Index Institute Scientific Information (ISI) was searched identify frequently cited articles Fertility Sterility journal past 30 years (5Yang Pan B. classics Sterility, 1975–2004.Fertil 2006; 86: 795-797.e1–6Abstract (7) purpose 100 1975 2004 (“citation classics”) insight evolution reproductive medicine during period. At positions 2 3 list two papers Kruger colleagues morphology: 1986 Tygerberg, South Africa, 1988 Jones Institute, Norfolk, Virginia) (6Kruger T.F. Menkveld R. Stander F.S.H. Lombard C.J. Vandermerwe J.P. Vanzyl J.A. Smith K. Sperm morphological features prognostic factor vitro fertilization.Fertil 1986; 46: 1118-1122Abstract 7Kruger Acosta A.A. Simmons K.F. Swanson R.J. Matta J.F. Oehninger Predictive value abnormal 1988; 49: 112-117Abstract Tygerberg have been adopted since 1999. Moreover, recently, American Society Reproductive Medicine experts selected al.’s paper one 25 historic “that marked great leap forward science health care” (8Niederberger Pellicer Simon Kathrins Goldstein Sigman al.25 papers: ASRM 75th birthday gift Sterility.Fertil 112: e2-e27Abstract (0) 9Kruger Reprint of: e61-e66Abstract another review Reproduction 2010, journals represented category biology ISI’s impact ranking 1990 2009 tracked down Web Knowledge (10Evers J.L.H. read before you die.Hum 2010; 25: 2-5Crossref Among highly articles, Brussels Free University, Cornell University Pennsylvania topped six each. related discovery growth intracytoplasmic injection (ICSI), followed improved conditions blastocyst culture. Notwithstanding limitations embedded approaches, updates underscored significance time development fertilization (IVF) technique outcomes. They also demonstrated shift research interests comparing IVF (pre-ICSI) days ICSI era. But worldwide incorporation disputed (11Eliasson Semen regard number, aspects.Asian Androl. 26-32Crossref (43) Scholar), repeatedly brought up (12Sigman Normal ranges: normal whom?.Fertil 2017; 108: 392Abstract Therefore, question evaluation. Here it our goal update molecular pathologies, functions, utility (value diagnostic test) within various scenarios. Compelling evidence indicates fertilization, spermatozoon contributes three components oocyte: 1) DNA; 2) oocyte-activating (likely phospholipase C [PLC] PLCζ, soluble triggers egg calcium oscillations activation); 3) centriole, guides formation mitotic spindles leading cell division early embryo (13Barroso G. Valdespin Vega Kershenovich Avila Avendaño Developmental contributions: beyond.Fertil 2009; 92: 835-848Abstract (100) 14Parrington Swann Shevchenko V.I. Sesay A.K. Lai F.A. Calcium mammalian eggs triggered protein.Nature. 1996; 379: 364-368Crossref 15Swann Larman Saunders cytosolic Ca2+ activation mammals novel C: PLCζ.Reproduction. 2004; 127: 431-439Crossref 16Schatten centrosome mode inheritance: reduction gametogenesis restoration fertilization.Dev Biol. 1994; 165: 299-335Crossref (522) 17Sutovsky Schatten Paternal contributions zygote: after sperm-egg fusion.Int Rev Cytol. 2000; 195: 1-65Crossref Recent data show zygote distinct pool mRNA (18Miller D. RNA ejaculate spermatozoon: window events spermatogenesis record unusual requirements haploid gene expression post-meiotic equilibration.Mol Hum 3: 669-676Crossref 19Ostermeier Miller Huntriss Diamond Krawetz biology: delivering spermatozoan oocyte.Nature. 429: 154Crossref It postulated molecules may exhibit key regulatory functions late modulate postfertilization events, merely represent remnant templates. Intriguingly, cargo undergoes dramatic changes testicular posttesticular maturation, making mature epigenome unique germ cells. Small noncoding tRNA fragments trafficked epididymis maturing sperm, likely via vesicular transport (20Sharma U. Sun F. Conine C.C. Reichholf Kukreja Herzog V.A. al.Small RNAs developing sperm.Dev Cell. 2018; 481-494Abstract (94) 21Conine Song L. Rivera-Pérez Rando O.J. gained epididymal transit essential embryonic mice.Dev 470-480Abstract (85) 22Harchegani A.B. Shafaghatian Tahmasbpour Shahriary Regulatory microRNAs health: approach understanding infertility.Reprod Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719118765972Crossref (6) To acquire fertilizing capacity, cells must develop progressive reach oocyte site, undergo process capacitation female tract, evidenced plasma membrane (related composition fluidity), dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling (particularly actin), increased phosphorylation group proteins different kinases. Capacitation renders able hyperactivated acrosome reaction required successful interaction zona pellucida. penetration fusion oolemma, penetration. pellucida, intrinsically specific receptor-ligand interactions located pellucida membranes gametes (23Visconti Bailey Moore Olds Clarke Kopf mouse spermatozoa. I. Correlation state protein tyrosine phosphorylation.Development. 1995; 121: 1129-1137Crossref 24Baldi Luconi Bonaccorsi Krausz Forti reaction: calcium, lipid pathways.Front Biosci. 1: d189-d205Crossref (68) 25Wassarman Mammalian fertilization: aspect gamete adhesion exocytosis, fusion.Cell. 1999; 96: 175-183Abstract 26Oehninger Molecular basis human sperm-zona interaction.Cells Tissues Organs. 168: 58-64Crossref 27Primakoff Myles D.G. ADAM family: surface protease activity.Trends Genet. 16: 83-87Abstract (497) 28Inoue N. Ikawa Okabe Putative IZUMO N-glycosylation.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008; 377: 910-914Crossref 29Avella M.A. Xiong Dean recognition mice humans.Mol 2013; 19: 279-289Crossref (59) 30Ohto Ishida Krayukhina Uchiyama Inoue Shimizu Structure IZUMO1-JUNO reveals sperm-oocyte fertilization.Nature. 2016; 534: 566-569Crossref (45) 31Aydin Sultana Li Thavalingam Lee J.E. architecture IZUMO1 JUNO complex.Nature. 562-565Crossref brief capacities depicts high degree compartmentalization. testis, metamorphosis transforms spermatogonia spermatocyte round spermatogenesis, then elongated spermatids, terminally differentiated spatula-shaped spermatozoa spermiogenesis. fully mature, though immotile, migrate through seminiferous tubules rete testis where storage occurs, acquisition motility. head centrally occupied nucleus, which DNA linker protamines (which replaced histones spermatogenesis) convey hypercondensation assisting offering protection vestments. nucleus surrounded nuclear envelope protected perinuclear theca (composed structural proteins), released (32Sutovsky Manandhar Wu Oko Interactions implications activation, anti-polyspermy defense, assisted reproduction.Microsc Tech. 2003; 61: 362-378Crossref (115) 33Wu A.T. Sutovsky Xu Katayama Day B.N. al.PAWP, sperm-specific WW domain-binding protein, promotes meiotic resumption pronuclear fertilization.J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 12164-12175Abstract contains copy genome, transcriptionally silent arrest transcription occurring mid-spermiogenesis (34Dadoune Siffroi Alfonsi M.F. Transcription cells.Int 237: 1-56Crossref revealed “silent” chromatin demonstrates complex organization chromosomal geography/location carries epigenetic information. includes loops specific, possessing predetermined folding patterns chromosomes, particularly respect centromere telomere positioning (35Ward W.S. Zalensky A.O. unique, chromatin.Crit Eukaryot Gene Expr. 6: 139-147Crossref 36Zalensky Zalenskaya chromosomes spermatozoa: additional layer information?.Biochem Soc Trans. 35: 609-611Crossref (71) membrane, acrosomal region lies under (37Sutovsky structure: anatomical analysis.in: DeJonge Barratt C.L. Cambridge Press, 2006: 1-30Crossref (19) outer subjacent forming cap matrix Golgi enzymes overlying inner membrane. Posteriorly, space postacrosomal sheath. interacts sequentially oolemma. exposes receptors bind zona, resulting trigger reaction, release matrix, but retained structure offers secondary zona-binding process, whereas sheath receptor-binding PLCZ1 localized equatorial regions connecting piece proximal centriole typical nine microtubule triplets. bicentriolar found spermatogenic critical formation; aster needed first zygote. confined striated columns immediate vicinity segment dense fibers flagellar axoneme tail composed segments, middle, principal, end pieces. middle flagellum encased helix mitochondria. underlying fibers, peripheral doublets, central pair microtubules. continuing principal retains axonemal arrangement distally covered fibrous longitudinal interconnected paired transversal ribs organelle support motion. organized cylindrical pairs tubulin B microtubules connected each nexin arms doublets radial spokes. base responsible transmission movement head. reciprocal sliding originates sequential anchoring dynein neighboring doublet adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent generation force. Energy force ATP, hydrolyzed ATPase associated (38Vernon G.G. Woolley D.M. Basal mechanics oscillation flagellum.Biophys 87: 3934-3944Abstract 39Luconi Baldi How do swim? motility.Cell Mol (Noisy-le-Grand). 357-369PubMed 40Luconi Carloni V. Marra Ferruzzi Increased AKAP inhibition phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhances recruitment kinase A.J Cell 117: 1235-1246Crossref (79) 41Luconi Doncel G.F. Physiology pathophysiology motility.in: Male Infertility: Diagnosis Treatment. Informa UK, 2007: 13-33Crossref enzyme creatine phosphokinase involved shuttling high-energy phosphate site ATP synthesis utilization distal cytoplasmic compartments (42Tombes R.M. Shapiro B.M. Metabolite channeling: phosphorylcreatine shuttle mediate energy mitochondrion tail.Cell. 1985; 41: 325-334Abstract (174) 43Tombes polarity: relationship phosphagen activity function.J Exp Zool. 1989; 251: 82-90Crossref Voltage-gated, cyclic nucleotide–gated, transient receptor channels entire main regulators Hyperactivated seems dependent intracellular neck inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate–gated channels, CatSper family voltage-operated (44Darszon Nishigaki Wood Treviño Felix Beltrán fluctuations physiology.Int 2005; 243: 79-172Crossref (126) 45Ren Navarro Perez Jackson A.C. Hsu Shi Q. al.A ion channel fertility.Nature. 413: 603-609Crossref (603) Spermatogenesis characterized ongoing simultaneous differentiation renewal There fates cells: Either they mitosis replicate themselves (maintenance stem cells), differentiate, divide, enter meiosis reduce half complement. Spatially, proliferative phase occurs basal compartment, close vascular-nutrient areas, while takes place ad luminal compartment immune-protected blood-testis barrier spermatid-haploid results in: accessory structures (stages spermiogenesis) will render tract fertilize egg; rejection remnants, detachment tubule determination terminal given species (the stage spermiation). stage, level, cap/acrosome apparatus, merging cytosol area, (46Oko Occurrence spermatozoa.Andrologia. 1998; 30: 193-206Crossref 47Oko Biogenesis competence Reprod Immunol. 83: 2-7Crossref (53) characteristics shape achieved replacement (48Meistrich M.L. Mohapatra Shirley C.R. Zhao Roles transition spermiogenesis.Chromosoma. 483-488Crossref parallel, spermatid reduced single one-half mitochondria eliminated rearranged helical mitochondrial (49Manandhar Centrosome significance.Biol 72: 2-13Crossref (190) proteolytic (ubiquitins) play spermiogenesis (17Sutovsky 50Sutovsky Moreno R.D. Ramalho-Santos Dominko Simerly Ubiquitin tag mitochondria.Nature. 402: 371-372Crossref (459) Throughout remain Sertoli cell-cell specialized junctions bridges. spermiation, apical epithelium lumen testis. time, lobe shed (residual body vesicles saccules), leaving last cytoplasm, droplet, covering piece. While residual phagocytized cell, droplet efferent ducts. cytoplasm slides midpiece passage caput cauda (51Cooper T.G. Yeung C.H. Fetic Sobhani Nieschlag Cytoplasmic droplets well preserved routine procedures assessing morphology.Hum 2283-2288Crossref biogenesis synchronized remodeling, reduction, degradation select organelles. These depend transcription, translation, posttranslational modifications many products structured efficient packaging transcriptional regulation. somatic cells, nucleosomes repeating units chromatin, contain (in lineage there program histone-to-protamine s